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Markers for early diagnosis of BALL. The AIT group showed no significant differences in the expression levels 2-(2,4-Dichloro-5-fluorophenyl)oxirane of these proteins, compared to the control group, did not show any significant change in the level of expression of these proteins, a fact that further reaffirms the presence of these potential biomarkers in a disease state, as all patients achieved complete remission after treatment (Fig. 2).Cavalcante et al. Biomarker Research (2016) 4:Page 4 ofTable 1 Summary of characteristics of patients with B-ALLCode Assigned P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10 Gender Age at Diagnosis M F F M F F F M F M 3 3 5 2 2 3 5 6 5 3 FAB Immunophenotypical Classification Classification L1 L1 L1 L1 L1 L1 L1 L1 L1 L1 Common Pre-B Common Common Common Common Common Common Pre-B Pre-B Karyotype Absence of metaphases Absence of metaphases Risk Group LR LR MRD Treatment Outcome _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR CR56,XX,+X,+4,+6,+8,+10,+11,+14,+17,+21,+mar/ LR 46,XX 46,XY 46,XX 54,XX,+X,+6,+15,+15,+17,+18,+21,+21/46,XX 47,XY,+21 c Absence of metaphases 46, XX 46,XY LR LR LR LR LR LR LRCode: Internal register assigned for the study; M Male, F Female, LR Low Risk, MRD Minimum Residual Disease, CR Complete remissionFig. 1 Graphical representation of the affinity chromatography process on a Frutalin-immobilized column with Sepharose Methyl 2-((4-nitro-1h-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)benzoate 4B, coupled with an TA purifier 10 FPLC system. Peak I represents the non-retained fraction (FNR) and Peak II represents the retained fraction (FR). The fractions were obtained after elution with their respective buffers: 20 mM Tris Cl, pH 7.4, in0.15 M NaCl (Buffer A) and 0.2 M galactose and 20 mM Tris Cl, pH 7.4, in 0.15 M NaCl (Buffer B). The blue line represents absorbance at 280 nm and the red represents emission at 216 nmCavalcante et al. Biomarker Research (2016) 4:Page 5 journal.pone.0167038 ofFig. 2 PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9638577 Panel of candidate protein biomarkers for B-ALL. Blue columns represent the expression levels of the proteins in B-ALL patients at the time of diagnosis in relation to the control. Green columns represent the expression levels of the proteins in B-ALL patients after induction therapy (day 35) relative to controls. (*) (p PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9544797 cancer [10]. CLU, also called apolipoprotein J, was 2.64-fold upregulated in the B-ALL group compared to the control. CLU is expressed in a variety of tissues, with a ubiquitous pattern of expression. It has a high sensitivity to external stress stimuli. It has been reported to function in complement inhibition, clearance of cellular debris, folding of denatured proteins (chaperone), and regulation of cell death [11, 12]. Several studies have shown that it is over-expressed in many serious physiological conditions, including degenerative kidney disease and various neurodegenerative conditions. CLU also plays an important role in tumorigenesis and progression of many human cancers [13]. Higher levels of this protein have been observed in the progression of prostate cancer and renal carcinoma compared to normal tissues [14, 15] and it was shown to be over-expressed in anaplastic large cell lymphomas [16], ovarian cancer [17], esophageal cancer [18], and colorectal cancer; it has also been im.